GI
Morphology of the three animals
The cat and dog have a monogastric stomach this means they have one stomach making digestion a lot less complicated than the chickens’ digestive system. The monogastric stomach digests food differently to that of a chicken because in the cat and dog stomach they have acids which breakdown the food. Whereas the chicken has a gizzard, crop which means they cannot digest food without the grit in their diet to all the food to pass through the digestive system.
(Healthy Foods The Soya Bean, 2013).
The food enters the mouth where it is chewed in to smaller pieces with the help of saliva and teeth and tongue. Then it travels down the oesophagus and oesophageal sphincter contracts at this point and traps the food in to the stomach. The food then gets fermented through the layers in the stomach and gets broke down by the acids. The pyloric sphincter opens to allow tiny pieces of food which are compact to pass through the small intestine. Nutrients then go in to the liver through the duodenum, the liver bile breaks down protein which changes to an amino acid (Taurine). Then the remaining food goes the jejunum and ileum; this is where osmosis takes place. Next is the large intestine for the remaining waste this removes fibre, and then vitamins and minerals go into the blood stream. Then travels in to the rectum where the waste is stored and lastly excreted through the anus.
(Digestion: Know Your Birds Inside & Out, 2014).
The food travels through the mouth and then passes through the precrop oesophagus directly in to the crop. There is a gizzard and proventriculus where the food is stored in. However, if there is not any room left then the food will then be stored in the crop. The crops function is also to keep the food wet. After travelling through the crop the food then goes in to the post crop oesophagus then in to the proventriculus; “this is a glandular type of stomach that secretes acid and enzymes”. (Situation, 2014). These enzymes and acids are combined together with the food to begin the process of digestion. The food then travels to the gizzard, a “mechanical type of stomach”. (Situation, 2014).This has an extremely solid muscular wall that enables the food to be ground.
Then it travels to the small intestine; this is where there are more enzymes for improved digestion. This also soaks up digestive products. This then links to the cecum and digests fibre. Then travelling to the large intestine where undigested waste is kept and takes in water from the waste. The large intestine then sends the water to the cloaca where it meets with urine and is passed out through the vent to exit the chicken. (Situation, 2014).
How the Digestion affects the feeding method
The monogastric stomach affects digestion in the cat and dog because they are obligate carnivores this means their diet must contain meat and their stomach is made to digest meat. Therefore meat is required to have successful digestion.
The chickens have a gizzard and a crop this affects digestion because they must have grit in their diet to have successful digestion. This is linked to how they are natural scavengers with dirt and grass.
Nutritional requirements of the three animals.
Cat – It is essential that cats have Taurine in their diet and you get Taurine from meat. Taurine is so important for cats because it creates biliary salts which are essential for correct digestion of the fats in the cat’s small intestine. No other amino acid is able to do this other than Taurine. (Why Cats Need Taurine?, 2014).
Dog – A dog needs protein in their diet in order to maintain a healthy diet and health. This is because in their natural habitat they eat high levels of protein therefore it needs to be mimicked in captivity.
Chicken – It is essential for chickens to have fine grit in their diet because without it they cannot digest the food they eat fully. The grit breaks the food down in order for it to be able to be digested. Because they are natural scavengers depending on the type of ground the chickens are kept on they might get the right amount of grit in their diet to have successful digestion but on the safe side there should always be some available. (Why do Chickens need Fine Grit and Oyster Shell?, 2013).
Cats and dogs carnivores this means they are physiologically set up for digesting meat. Their teeth have being built in a way wear they should be able to tear and chew meat. This shows from the very beginning they had to have meat in their diet.
Nutrients from feeds for all animals and stomachs made for these. All three animals have commercial food readily available with all their nutrition that they need in them. Therefore all of the foods are made for these animals so there is no reason why these animals should be lacking in certain nutrients.
Lion gastrointestinal tract is short and not complicated. Their oesophagus is 70-80 cm long. They have a stomach, short colon and a short small intestine that des not have a lot of space for absorption. Their stomach is able to hold up to 20% of their body weight. The small intestine makes up 74% of their gastrointestinal tract 6-7m. They also have a small cecum, that is situated in the intersection of the small intestine and large intestine. The large intestine is 13% of their gastrointestinal tract. The digestive system helps storage of huge meals in the stomach to efficiently digest vertebrae prey. Their tract has being altered to use meat; this is why they need high amounts of protein, energy and ether extract for digestion. Their digestive system is auto enzymatic so their digestive system works by using enzymes that the lion secretes into the digestive system. Their food is consumed, masticated and swallowed, travelling down the oesophagus into the stomach. The stomachs job is to digest and absorb, store food and mix it up and then secrete. The stomach is divided into four sections. The oesophagus; where bacteria grow however, no glandular secretions. The cardiac part, opposite the oesophagus, made up of glands that excrete mucus. The mucus is made up of glycoproteins, with an alkaline reaction and acts to protect the stomach lining from being digested by the proteolytic enzyme and strong acid secreation into the stomach. Their is a fundus gland and pyloric part and this is where other gastric secretions e.g. mucus, HCl and pepsin. HCl secretion is why their is low pH in the stomach. Having high acidity allows the stomach to be sterile. Low pH acts to give hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides, exposes bonds of amino acids and denature proteins. Allowing gastric glands to start secreting proenzyme pepsinogen, creating the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. Ingesta comes out of the stomach by the pyloric part and goes in to the duodenum of the small intestine. The food let out from the stomach is regulated by the pyloric sphincter part that is controlled hormonally so there is not an overload of digestive capacity in the small intestine. The main place of digestion and absorption is the small intestine, that has three parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Digestive and absorptive jobs of the intestine is because of the large surface area. Digestion is when ingested nutrients are absorbed, when the proteins are absorbed they hydrolysed into smaller pieces, complex carbohydrates into simple sugars and fats into monoacyglycerides and fatty acids . Minerals and vitamins do not get digested but are absorbed (Issues in Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolism, Morphology, and Human Biology: 2013 Edition).
The cat and dog have a monogastric stomach this means they have one stomach making digestion a lot less complicated than the chickens’ digestive system. The monogastric stomach digests food differently to that of a chicken because in the cat and dog stomach they have acids which breakdown the food. Whereas the chicken has a gizzard, crop which means they cannot digest food without the grit in their diet to all the food to pass through the digestive system.
(Healthy Foods The Soya Bean, 2013).
The food enters the mouth where it is chewed in to smaller pieces with the help of saliva and teeth and tongue. Then it travels down the oesophagus and oesophageal sphincter contracts at this point and traps the food in to the stomach. The food then gets fermented through the layers in the stomach and gets broke down by the acids. The pyloric sphincter opens to allow tiny pieces of food which are compact to pass through the small intestine. Nutrients then go in to the liver through the duodenum, the liver bile breaks down protein which changes to an amino acid (Taurine). Then the remaining food goes the jejunum and ileum; this is where osmosis takes place. Next is the large intestine for the remaining waste this removes fibre, and then vitamins and minerals go into the blood stream. Then travels in to the rectum where the waste is stored and lastly excreted through the anus.
(Digestion: Know Your Birds Inside & Out, 2014).
The food travels through the mouth and then passes through the precrop oesophagus directly in to the crop. There is a gizzard and proventriculus where the food is stored in. However, if there is not any room left then the food will then be stored in the crop. The crops function is also to keep the food wet. After travelling through the crop the food then goes in to the post crop oesophagus then in to the proventriculus; “this is a glandular type of stomach that secretes acid and enzymes”. (Situation, 2014). These enzymes and acids are combined together with the food to begin the process of digestion. The food then travels to the gizzard, a “mechanical type of stomach”. (Situation, 2014).This has an extremely solid muscular wall that enables the food to be ground.
Then it travels to the small intestine; this is where there are more enzymes for improved digestion. This also soaks up digestive products. This then links to the cecum and digests fibre. Then travelling to the large intestine where undigested waste is kept and takes in water from the waste. The large intestine then sends the water to the cloaca where it meets with urine and is passed out through the vent to exit the chicken. (Situation, 2014).
How the Digestion affects the feeding method
The monogastric stomach affects digestion in the cat and dog because they are obligate carnivores this means their diet must contain meat and their stomach is made to digest meat. Therefore meat is required to have successful digestion.
The chickens have a gizzard and a crop this affects digestion because they must have grit in their diet to have successful digestion. This is linked to how they are natural scavengers with dirt and grass.
Nutritional requirements of the three animals.
Cat – It is essential that cats have Taurine in their diet and you get Taurine from meat. Taurine is so important for cats because it creates biliary salts which are essential for correct digestion of the fats in the cat’s small intestine. No other amino acid is able to do this other than Taurine. (Why Cats Need Taurine?, 2014).
Dog – A dog needs protein in their diet in order to maintain a healthy diet and health. This is because in their natural habitat they eat high levels of protein therefore it needs to be mimicked in captivity.
Chicken – It is essential for chickens to have fine grit in their diet because without it they cannot digest the food they eat fully. The grit breaks the food down in order for it to be able to be digested. Because they are natural scavengers depending on the type of ground the chickens are kept on they might get the right amount of grit in their diet to have successful digestion but on the safe side there should always be some available. (Why do Chickens need Fine Grit and Oyster Shell?, 2013).
Cats and dogs carnivores this means they are physiologically set up for digesting meat. Their teeth have being built in a way wear they should be able to tear and chew meat. This shows from the very beginning they had to have meat in their diet.
Nutrients from feeds for all animals and stomachs made for these. All three animals have commercial food readily available with all their nutrition that they need in them. Therefore all of the foods are made for these animals so there is no reason why these animals should be lacking in certain nutrients.
Lion gastrointestinal tract is short and not complicated. Their oesophagus is 70-80 cm long. They have a stomach, short colon and a short small intestine that des not have a lot of space for absorption. Their stomach is able to hold up to 20% of their body weight. The small intestine makes up 74% of their gastrointestinal tract 6-7m. They also have a small cecum, that is situated in the intersection of the small intestine and large intestine. The large intestine is 13% of their gastrointestinal tract. The digestive system helps storage of huge meals in the stomach to efficiently digest vertebrae prey. Their tract has being altered to use meat; this is why they need high amounts of protein, energy and ether extract for digestion. Their digestive system is auto enzymatic so their digestive system works by using enzymes that the lion secretes into the digestive system. Their food is consumed, masticated and swallowed, travelling down the oesophagus into the stomach. The stomachs job is to digest and absorb, store food and mix it up and then secrete. The stomach is divided into four sections. The oesophagus; where bacteria grow however, no glandular secretions. The cardiac part, opposite the oesophagus, made up of glands that excrete mucus. The mucus is made up of glycoproteins, with an alkaline reaction and acts to protect the stomach lining from being digested by the proteolytic enzyme and strong acid secreation into the stomach. Their is a fundus gland and pyloric part and this is where other gastric secretions e.g. mucus, HCl and pepsin. HCl secretion is why their is low pH in the stomach. Having high acidity allows the stomach to be sterile. Low pH acts to give hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides, exposes bonds of amino acids and denature proteins. Allowing gastric glands to start secreting proenzyme pepsinogen, creating the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. Ingesta comes out of the stomach by the pyloric part and goes in to the duodenum of the small intestine. The food let out from the stomach is regulated by the pyloric sphincter part that is controlled hormonally so there is not an overload of digestive capacity in the small intestine. The main place of digestion and absorption is the small intestine, that has three parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Digestive and absorptive jobs of the intestine is because of the large surface area. Digestion is when ingested nutrients are absorbed, when the proteins are absorbed they hydrolysed into smaller pieces, complex carbohydrates into simple sugars and fats into monoacyglycerides and fatty acids . Minerals and vitamins do not get digested but are absorbed (Issues in Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolism, Morphology, and Human Biology: 2013 Edition).